Distributed Networking: Connecting the Nodes

This revised and organized document provides a comprehensive overview of distributed networking, focusing on its key aspects and terminology.

Introduction

Distributed systems consist of multiple independent computers, called nodes, working together to achieve a common goal. These systems rely on distributed networking, which refers to the infrastructure and processes that enable communication and data exchange between nodes.

Key Concepts

• Nodes: Individual computers or servers within the distributed system.
• Network Operators: Provide connectivity and data transmission services between nodes.
• Communication Media: Channels used for data transmission, including laser, electric cables, radio waves, and even physical storage devices.
• Latency: Time taken for data packets to travel from sender to receiver.
• Bandwidth: Data volume transferred per unit time, reflecting network capacity.
• Clients: Nodes requesting data or services from other nodes.
• Servers: Nodes providing data or services to other nodes.

Communication Workflow

1. Client Request: The client initiates communication by sending a request message to the server. This message contains information like headers, content, and protocol details.
2. Server Processing: The server receives the request message, processes it, and generates a response message.
3. Server Response: The server transmits the response message back to the client, containing any relevant data or information.

Distributed System Clusters

Nodes in a distributed system are typically grouped into clusters, also referred to as grids or clouds. Different network topologies can be used to connect nodes within the cluster:

• Bus Topology: All nodes are connected to a single cable, forming a linear chain.
• Star Topology: All nodes are connected to a central hub or switch, resembling a star shape.
• Mesh Topology: Nodes are directly connected to each other, creating a web-like structure.
• Ring Topology: Nodes are connected in a circular fashion, with each node linked to two others.

Additional Concepts

• Protocols: Define rules and procedures for communication between nodes.
• Network Devices: Switches, routers, and other devices help route and manage network traffic.
• Security: Protecting data and ensuring secure communication is crucial for distributed systems.
• Redundancy: Systems are designed with redundant components to ensure continued operation even if individual nodes fail.